• External Factors Which Affect The Performance of Pipe And Cable Locators`
• Utility Design And Materials Used Which Affect The Performance Of Pipe And Cable Locators
• Peak And Null Receiver Readings
• Characteristics Of A Transmitted Signal In Air
• Effects Of Multiple Utilities On The Pipe And Cable Locator's Signal
• Grounding Of Utilities
• Metal-To-Metal And Nonmetal-To-Metal Bleed-Off
• Creation Of Pipe And Cable Locating Signal Through Current Flow
• The Transmitted's Signal's Path Of Least Resistance
• Factors Which Affect The Path Of Least Resistance
• Transmitter Frequencies
• The Earth As A Conductor
• Frequencies Used To Increase Or Reduce Earth's Role As A Conductor
• Measuring Signal Strength
• The Perfect Field Circuit
• Current Flow Measured As Signal Strength
• The Anode Circuit
• The Presence Of Ghosts And The Reasons They Occur
• Transmitter Grounding Techniques Which Impact The Performance Of A Pipe And Cable Locator
• The Inductive Coupler
• Why Utilities Are Grounded Together
• Isolation Techniques Which Improve The Performance Of The Pipe And Cable Locator
• Grounding Potential
• Step-By-Step Instrument Usage Procedures
• How To Perform A Field Calibration Check Of Pipe And Cable Locators
• How To Maximize The Receiver Role In Interpetting The Transmitter' Signal
• Receiver Sensitivity Controls
• Autogain Sensitivity
• Pipe And Cable Locator Manufacturer's Receiver Response Design
• Estimating The Depth Of Buried Utilities
• How An Automatic Depth Reading Feature Works

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• Signal Splits At Common Grounds
• Signal Splits At Tees And Taps
• The Use Of Inductive Locating To Reduce Bleed-Off
• High And Low Resistance Locating Scenarios
• Transmitter Site Selection As An Aid To Control The Path Of Least Resistance
• Characteristics Of The Various Transmitter Frequncies
• The Splitting Of The Transmitter's Signal Based On Resistance
• The Process Of Collecting Information To Determine The Location Of A Buried Utility When Confronted With Confusing Receiver Results
• Thirty-Degree, Inductive Transmitter Positioning
• Metallic Manipulation Of The Utility System For The Purpose Of Enhancing Locating Results
• Transmitter Power Settings
• Transmitter Impedence Conrols
• Use Of Large Grounding Devices
• Utilizing A Two-Man Sweep
• Air-Lock Sweep
• Performing a Sweep With One Operator
• Establishing Trends With Depth Readings To Aid In Location Determination
• How Signal Distortion Occurs And Its Effect On Location Accuracy
• Triangulation And Other Nondigital Methods Of Determining Depth
• Assessing The Shape Of The Transmitter's Signal
• Receiver Antenna Configuations
• Using Peak And Null Readings Simultaneously
• Receiver Response Programming
• How Sixty-Cycle Is Generated And How Its Field Interacts With Metallic Utilities
• Usefulness Of Determining Buried Utility Location Using Passive Signals
• Cancellation And The Flattening Of The Transmiter's Signal
• Current Metering As A Means Of Identifying Target Utilities
• Current Direction Metering As A Method To Positively Identify Target Utilities
• Multi-Porting
  
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